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y.re6Horo [peAMera <r

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Mecro [PeAuera  s 8-gKnaccax orBoAr,rrcfl rro
68 qacos (2 uacae ueAe,qrc)

COAEPXAHI4E yTIEEHOTO IPEAMETA
8 KJIACC

BCEOEUIA.fl I{croPUtfl. lrcroprl.]fi

HoBoro BPEMEHII. XVUI

e.

BseAeHue

Bex llpocneuleHrrfl

I,lcrorcu erponeficxoro flpocseueuus. flocruNeuur ecrecrBeHHbrx HayK

vt

pacrpocrpaHeHl'Ie naefi paquoHiullr3Ma. Asrrnficxoe flpocoeuleHr.re;
[N. Jloxx u T. fo66c.
Cexy,rapu:aqr.rr (o6rraupueHue) co3HaHufl. Kynsr paryua. rDpaHuu.a _
ueHrp IlpoceeueHras.
,
focygapcrna Enpourr a XVIII s.

Mouapxull

B

Enpone XVIII B.: a6comorusre u [apnaMeHTcKr.re MoHapxgr.r.
I-lpocneqeuultfi a6conlorla3M: rlpaBlrenrn , vl1el, rrpaKTr4Ka. floluruxa B
orHo.,eHuu cocroeail:
crapble nop'AKH H HoBbIe BerHI'Ifl. focylapcrao u l-{epxoet. Cexylrprz:aqr4,
rrepKoBHbrx
3eM eJr b. 3 rcoHorrl u qecKa, II oJIr.ITI4 Ka BJ]aCTH. Mepxaurulu
tnr.
Beluro6puraHufl B xvIII B. Kopo,reecxa-a Brracrb kI napnaMeHr. 'l'opu H Butv.
[lpeanocrtnl(H rlpoMblluJ'IeHHoro flepeBopora e AHrrrau. TexHu.{ecrcue
u:o6pereHHs a co3AaHHe
fiepBbrx Marrrr{H. llossreHHe $a6pux, 3aMeHa pyqHofo .rpyAa Marur.rHHbrM.
CoqnarsHbre H
3KOHOMI'IqeCKHe IrocneAcrBHs [poMbrrrrneHHofo nepeBopora.
Ycrosaq rpyAa u 6rrra
$a6pauNtrx pa6ounx. {nuNeuur rporecra. Jlyaan:rr.l.
OpaHqun. A6colrcrHa, MoHapxHfl: rloJ'rr.rrr.rKa coxpaHeHus craporo [opsAr(a.
llonulrrn
rr poBeAeH r.ra pe$opu. Kopo,rencrarr BJracrb
H cocJroBr.rr.
fepuaucrue rocyAapcrBa' MoHapxlrfl fa6c6yproB, rrraJrbflHcxr{e 3eMJrrr n XVIII
n.
Pa:apo6neHHocrb fepuauuu. BosstlrxeHr,re flpyccu u. @pugpwx II
Be.ruprxr.rft. fa6c6yprcrcar
IvloHapxus s XVIII n' llpan:reurze Mapnra Tepe:uu u l4ocu$a
II. PeSopnabr rrpocBeureHHoro
a6colrorurN,ra. tr4ra,rtqHcKHe rocylapcrBa: nonr4Tr.tqecKa, pa3Apo6.rieHHocrb. yculenue
BJracrr4
['a6c6yproB HaA qacrbro HTaJrL,rHcKr4x 3eMenb.
focyAapcrna [Iupeueficxoro rloryocrpoBa. Vlcnauus: npo6,relrsr

pa3BHrH{' ocla6leuue MexAyHapoAHbIx no:uurzfi. PeSoprrrsr
B rrpaBneHue Kap,ra
rlpoBeAeHI'Ir pe$opu e flopryranuu. YupanneHue KoJroHgirnbHbrMr4

BHyrpeHHero

IlL flonrnxn

,ruoa"rr* u

Vlc,,auuu

,

flopryra,rulr s loxuofi Aurepuxe. HeAosorucrBo HaceJreHuf, Konografi
uoruruxofi uerpouoruft.
EpurancrcIre KoJroHHu n Cenepuofi Alrepurce: 6opr6a 3a He3aB[csMocrb
Co:nauue asr,ruftcxt'tx roloHufi Ha anepuxaucxoil 3eMne. Cocrag eaponefrcrux

nepeceneHuee. cx,'raArrBaHHe MecrHoro caMoynpaBrreHHr. Ko,louHcrrr
n uu:refiuu. K)xsue u
ceBepHble KoJ'IoHIrH: oco6egsocrn 3KoHoMI,rLrecKoro pa3Burvfl H
cougilJrbHbrx orHoureuufi.

flpornaopeurar MexAy naerpono,rueft

H KoJroHHrMr.r.
3

. Kolturer o6ulecrBeHHoro craceHr4r. M. Po6ecnsep. Teppop.
Orxa: or
ocHoB (crapolo MHpD: Kynbr pa3yMa, 6opt6a [porltB uepKBr{, Hostrfi KaneHAapb.
Tepur.rlopuascrNfi repeBopor (27 uroJls l7g4 r.). y.{peNleuue
lupexropul. Hanoleon
Bouanapr. focylapcrneuHufi repeBopor l8-19 6prorvrepa (uor6pr 1799 r.). ycrauosreHr,re
pexr,rMa KoHcynbcrsa. I,lroru u 3Har{eHr.re peBonrollu la.
Enponeficxafl r(yJrbrypa a XVIII n.
PasaHu{e HayI(H. Honas KaprHHa MHpa B TpyAax MareMarr.rKoa,
Su:nxoB, acrpoHoMoB.
locrnNeuHs B ecrecrBeHHbIx HayKax H MeAHrrHHe. flpolo,.rNeHHe reorpaQuuecrcux orxpuruft.
PacnpocrpaHeHl'Ie o6pa:onaHur. Jlureparypa XVIII B.: xaHpbr, nucarerra,
BeJ,rr.rKHe poMaHbr.
XyAoNecrneHHbIe crIrJII{: K,'Iaccl4ul,r3rrl, 6apoxxo, poKoKo. Myruxa
A}xoBHarr 14 cBercKar. Tearp:
xaHpbl, flonynspHble aBTopbI, [pol43Be.{eHaq. CocrosHrtfi xaparoep Kynbrypbr. floecegHeruaa
xr{3Hb o6urarelefi ropoAoB H AepeBeHb.
MexgyuapoAHbte orHorueHrrs n XVIII a.
flpo6,reuu eaponeficxoro 6a,rauca cHIr u ruflJ,roMarrrr. Y.{acrue poccllu B
MexAyHaponHblx orHoueHl'Isx e XVIII B. Cenepuar aofiHa (1700-1721).
Eunacrr.rqecKr4e
aofiHsr (3a HacneAcrBo)' Cevu,rersss sofiua (1756-1763). Pa:aeru Pequ flocno,rurofi.
Bofiulr
auruQpanqy3cKHx xoaluquii ttporllB peaoruoquouuofi  Kflraq
Anf, HHO3eMUen. -f,nouHg s
XVIII n. Ceryuu u Aafiue. floloNeuue cocroeuft. Kynrrypa crpaH Bocroxa s XVIII s.
06o6ureuue
I4cropnuecKoe r4 KynbrypHoe HacneAue XVIII a.

IICToPI'Iq Poccnll. Pocclt-g B I(oHuE

xvII XVIII n.:
rIApcrBA K
I,IMTIEPI,ILI
BaeAeune
Pocclls B ?rroxy npeo6paronanufi llerpa I
llpuvuurr u [peArrocbrJrK, npeo6paronauufi. poccns u Enpoua B KoHue XVII n.
Molepuu:aul'Ifl KaK xt'I3HeHHo BaxHa, HaulroHaJ'IbHa, 3aAar{a. Haqa,'ro qapcrBoBaHur llerpa
I,
4

-

or

6opr6a 3a B,racrr,. rlparneHne rlapeBHbr coQru. crpe:ieqrue 6yHrrr. XosaH[uua. flepnure
Irarl4 Ha [yrLI npeo6pa:onauuft. Asoscxue floxoAbr. Belnroe nocoJrL,crBo H eto 3HaqeHrre.
CnoAsr.rNHaxra flerpa I.
3rouonuqecKafl flod'ruruKa. CrpourelbcrBo 3aBoAoB u vrauySax.ryp. Coraanue 6asrr
Meranrlypru'Iecrcoft I'lHAycrpl'IH ua Ypa,re. OpyxefiHure 3aBoAbr u rcopa6e,rrnsre nep$u. poll
rocyAapcrBa B co3AaHI'Iu [poMbIIrIJIeHHocrLt. flpeo6nagaHrre KpelocrHoto H rroAHeBoJrbHoro
rpyAa' flpuHuunsl MepKaHrLIJIIr3Ma rI rporexquoHr.r3Ma. Talroxeuurrfi rapa$ 1724 r. BeeAeuue
no4yruuofi flolarrz.

Couua"rruafl rIoJIHTItxa. Kosco ntI.a\Lrfl ABopsHcKoro cocrroBuf,, rroBbrrcHrae ero ponll
B yflpaBneHuu crpauofi' Yxa:l o eAIrHoHacnel;ur4ll Ta6e,rt o paHrax.
flporueopequ, B rroJrr.rrr{Ke
[o orHoIrIeHHrc K Ky[IeqecrBy I'I fOpOACKr.rM COCJTOtsr{rM: pacur4peHr.re r4x [paB B MecrHoM
ylpaBneHl'Iu u ycvileHl'Ie Har'IoloBolo lHera. floloxeHze KpecrbflH. flepeuucu
HaceJTeHr.rs
(penrz:uu).

PeQopn'rsl yrpaBr'IeHlrfl. PeQopnarr MecrHoro ynpaBneHr4r (6ypunclpsr n paryrua).
roporcKafl n oo,racruar (ry6epucrcaa) peSopusr. ceHar, KoJrJrerHH, opraHbr HaA3opa H
cyAa.
Ycu,reune LleHrpanfi3aIJuu u 6ropoxparu3a\ult y[paBJreHur. fenepa,rt,urrft per,raMeHr.
CagrrflerepOypr - HoBa{ croJrarla.
flepnlre rnapAeftcxue rroJrxr4. Cor4auue perynxpHofi apuvwt, BoeHHoro
$.rrora.
Pexpyrcxue ua6opu.
I-lepxonuar pedopnaa. YnpasaueHl{e fiarpr.rapluecrBa, yqpexreHue CunoAa. floroNeHue
H HocJTaBHblx xou$eccuft .
Onnoruuun peQopuau [Ierpa I. Couua,rsHbre lBuxeHrlrr B uepaofi qerBepru XVIII a.
BoccraH,rs s Acrpaxaun, Eaurupr4v, HaAouy.
Aeno uapesa.ra Arerccer.
BHeruHqs troJrrrrrrKa. Cenepuar eoftHa. flpuvr.rutr H ueJrr.r eoftutr. Hey4auu B
Haqane
sofiHlt I'I IIx [peoAoneHl'Ie. Buraa [pLt l. Jlecnofi n no6ela uo4 floaranoft. llpyrcxufi
uoxoA.
Eopl6a 3a releMoHl{Io Ha Ba-lrnxe. CpaNeuur y rr.r. fauryr z o. fpeurau. HnruraArcxufi
Mt4p r.r
elo [ocre.(crBas. 3axpenleune Poccau Ha 6eperax Ba.nruxu. flpono:r-naueHHe poccun
uuuepaefi. Kacnuilcxl.rfi noxol flerpa I.
Irpeo6paroBaH[q llerpa I s o6racru rryJrbrypur.
louuuupoBaHne cBerc6oro Haqara B
xy'rsrypHofi rlOJII'ITI4Ke' BlugHue Kynbrypbr crpaH eapy6eNHoft Enponrr. flpuo,rer]eHr.re
HHocrpaHHbIx cretIHaJIHcroB. BseAeHue HoBoro neTogcr{ucJreHl,rf,,
rpaxAaHcKoro upusra u
rpaxAaHcKoil neqaru. Ilepnar ra3era . Co:AaHrie ceru [rKorr
u cneur{a!,rbHbx
yue6Htx raee,qeHufi. Pasnurue HayKH. Orxptnne AxaAeuun HayK B
llerep6ypre. KyucrxaMepa.
Csercrcaq xHBorlrlcb, [oprper rerpoBcKofr onoxu. Crcy,rrnrypa H apxuTe]ffypa.
IIausrHuxy
paHHeto 6apoxxo.
lloecenueeHa, xl'l3Hb u 6ur npaaruleil 3r,rurr,r H ocHosuofr Maccbr HaceJreHr.rr.
llepelreHsr
n o6pa:e XH3HH poccuitcxolo ABoptHcrBa. , ero oco6eHHocrr.r s Poccuu. Cexyrapusaqnr qepKoBHbx
:]eMeJIb' {errelluocrl YloNessofr rcouuccua. 3xonolruqecKa,
r.r $uuaucoaaa 11oJIHTr.rKa
llpaBI4Tenbcrna. Haqa,ro BbInycKa accatHauafi. orrreua n,louono,qHfr,
yMepeHHocrb raMo)KeHnofi
Ilo'rHrHKI4' Bo,ruHoe 3KoHoMl4qecxoe o6u-lecrno. fy6epHcr(a, pe{oprua.
Xa,roeaHHbre rpaMorbr
r(Bop'HcrBy H ropoAau. Ilo,roNeHl4e cocr'Ioerafi. flnopqHc'lBo
(lepBeHcrByrouee
cocJ,roBge)
LIMIepI{H' flpualeueuue upe4cranure,refi coc,ros[fi K MecrHoMy
yrrpaBneHrto. CosAaur{e
lIBop'HcKI'Ix o6uecrs e ry6epuuax u ye3Aax. Pacurupeuze upuazrerufi ru,rr4eficrcoro
Ky[eqecrBa B HanoroBoft c$epe r.r ropoAcKoM yrrpaBneHr.ut.
Haquoua,rrHaq ronilTLrKa u HapoAbI Poccua s XVIII n. YHrlQrzx
aLrklt yspaBneHgr Ha
oKpaHHax HMrleplIll. JlltxeliAaulafl rerMaHcrBa Ha Jleao6epeNuofi yxparane
u Boficxa
3anopoxcxoro. (DoplrnpoaaHue Ky6aucxoro Ka3aqecrBa. Axrnsu:auns
Aef,TeJ,rbHocru rto
IIpHBneqeHI'Iro HHocrpoHues e Poccuto. PacceleHae KoJroHlrcroB
B Hoaopoccur.r, floBorxre,
l(pyrl4x pelHoHax. Yxpen.leHue BeporepnaMocrr.r ro orHoureHr.rlo K HenpaBocJraBHbrM
LI
Hexpucrl'IaHcKI'IM ttoH0eccuru. flo;ruruKa rto orHorI]eHrrro
K HcnaMy. Earuxnpcxl.re BoccraHur.
Oopnr nponaHHe qeprbr oceAJrocrr.r.

?rououuqecKoe pa3Blrrlre Poccuu Bo nropofi troJtoBrrHe XVIII B.
Kpecrsrue:
KperlocrHble' locylapcrBeHHble, MoHacrblpcxue. Ycrosvfl )KH3HI4
KperrocrHoft lepesuH. flpaea
rloMeuII'IKa IIO orHouIeHI'IrO K CBOHM KperrocrHbrM. Eapulr.ruuoe
n o6po.ruoe xoss;crso.
l{nopoarre rroAu. Pors rcpenocrHoro crpo{ B 3KoHoMHKe crpaHbr.
flponauuueHHocrb B ropoAe Id AepeBHe. Pols rocyAapcrBa, KyrreqecrBa,
rroMerrrlrKoB B

pa3BurLrv [poMbluneHHocru. Kpenocruofi u nolsuosaelrulrfi
rpya. flprtnneqeHrze Kpe[ocrHbrx
o6pouuslx KpecrbsH x pa6ore ua nraHyQaxTypax. Paseurue KpecrbrHcKux
rrpoMr,rc,ros. pocr
reKcrHr'lr'Hofi npourtureHHocru: pacrtpocrpaHeHHe npor.{3BorcrBa
xnortqaro6ynaxHsrx rxauefi.
llaqa'ro rl3BecrHblx rlpeAnpuHuMareJrbcKux AuHacrnfi: Mopo:onur. pr6yuuHcKHe,

llpoxopoatr, leuugoebr

BHyrpeuuffi

n

I'ape,ruuu.

r.r

Ap.

BHe[IHf,, ToptoBnfl. Topronrre

ryra

BHyrprr crpaHbr.

Bo.uuo-

TpaHc[oprHble cHcreltlt: BlturseBonolrKa-fl, TuxnaHcxar, Mapu]rHcKa-s
r.r Ap. -flpuapxa u ux
ponb Bo BHyrpeHHefi roproue. MaxapseBcK€ul, I4p6urcxar,
Cneucxas, Kopeunaa qpMapKr..
'flprurapxu Ma,ropocclEl't. flapruepu Poccuu Bo eHeuueft ToproBne n Enpone
fl B Mr4pe.
O6ecneqesHe aKTHBHoto BHerlrHeroptoBoto 6a,rasca.

O6ocrpeur'le coqua,'IbHblx nporunopevufi. t{yrrrHofi 6yur n
Mocrcse. Boccrasue noA
IlpeABoAHTenbcrBoM Eltelrsua flyraueaa. Auru4nopxuclc.rfr
H aHTHKpe[ocrH14qecKufi xapaxrep
6

ABHxeHH'fl' Po'rrr xa:a'IecrBa, HapoAoB Ypa,ra u
BH

YTPC

H

H}O}O TIOJTI'ITI,I KY H PA3BI'ITUC O6UICCTEEH

floaolNrr
H

B BoccraH

uu. Blwsuue BoccraHr,r,

Ha

Ofi MbICJII,I.

BueruHss [oJIIrrI{Ka Poccun nropoft rroJroBrrHbr XVIII 8., ee ocHoBHbre raAaqu. H.
I4.
llauun u A' A. Ees6opo4xo. Bopu6a Poccur.t 3a BbrxoA x gepuorvry Mopro. Boftusr c ocnaascxoft
uunepHefi. ll. A. PyrrlrHIIeB, A. B. Cynopon, {D. @. Yruaxos, no6e4sr poccuficxux eoficx
rroA r.rx
pyI(oBoAcrBoM. llpucoe4uueuue Kprrrrra v Ceeepuoro [lpuvepHouopur.
Oprauusauzr
yrlpaBneHl'Ix Honopoccuefi. CrpolrreJllcrBo HoBbrx ropoAoB r. rroproB.
OcHosaHr,re flarnropcrca,

Cesacrono,tx, O4eccrt, Xepcoua. f. A. lloreMKHH. flyreuecrnze Exarepuusr
II Ha ror e 1 7g1 r.
Yqacrue Pocct'tl't B pa3Aenax Pequ flocnolurofi. floruruxa Poccr,rrz s flo,rr,ue
Ao Haqara
1770-x lf.: crpeMneHl'Ie K ycl{neHLIrc poccuficrcoro BJr,flHr.rfl B ycnoBaflx coxpaHeHr.rfl rroJrr,cKoro
rocyAapcrBa. Y'{acrue Poccua B pa3Aenax flomruz BMecre c uunepnefi

llpyccnefi. flepnrrfi, aropofi

u

fa6c6ypror

rperuiz pa3Aenbr. Eopr6a

11oJ,r.sKoB

u

3a HaqHoHarrbHyK)

He3aBHCHMOCrr,. BoccraHHe IlOA [peABoAHTerrbcrBorr,t

T. Kocrxtruxo.
Pocclls upu [Iar.le I. Jlra'{uocru flasra I n ee BJrr.rsHHe Ha noJ,rurr.rKy crpaHbr. ocuoeHrre
npHHIIHnbl oHyrpeuuefi TIoJII'ITIzKa. Orpauu.reuue ABopqHcKux upuaulerufi. yxpen,reuue
a6cofiorzsMa qepe3 orKa3 or [pLIHqunoB (flpocBerrleHHoro a6co:rrcrugna> v ycr4neHge
6ropoxparzqecKoro u lo,ruueficKoro xapaKTepa rocyAapcrBa H Jrr.rr{Hofi uacru HMfieparopa.
Arcr o [pecronoHacnerl'Iu u MaHraQecr o (TpexAHesHofi 6apruuge>. flo:rnruxa rto
orHo[reHu]o
K ABopBHcrBy' B3al4MoorHouleHHq co cronuqHofi :Harun. Meptr
s o6racru sHeurHefi nonr4THKH.
flpauuHn ABopuoBoro rrepeBopora I I uapra lg0l r.
YqacrHe Poccau e 6opr6e c peBonloquounoft .
Pyccra'a Kynbrypa I'I Kynbrypa HapoAoB Poccuu e XVIII s. Pa3srarue
Hosoft csercrcoft
I(ynbrypbl rocJle upeo6pa:oaauufi llerpa I. YxpenneHr.re B3ar.rMocB{:eft c xynurypofi
crpaH
:apy6eNuoft Eapousr. Maconcrso e Poccnu. PacupocrpaHeHne s Poccun
ocHoBHbrx cruleit u
)KaHpoB enponeftcxofi xyloNecrseuHofi Kynbrypbr (6aporcro,
KnaccHuH3M. poxoxo). Bx,qal s
pa3BHrHe pycctcofi Kynbrypbl yqeHbtx, xyAoxHr.rKoB, Macrepoa,
npu6rrBrunx rz:-ra py6eNa.
vcule,ue BHI{MaHI4, K *I,3HH H Kynbrype pyccKoro HapoAa H Hcropr.rLrecKoMy rrpournoMy
Poccua K KoHrry croJrerur.

Kynsrypa H

6ur

poccr.rftcxux coclonufi. lnopxHcrno: xr.r3Hb H 6rn
4aopsscxoil
y,ca4u6tr.,{yxoaeucrao. Kynevecrao. KpecrbrHcrBo.
Poccaficrcas Hayl(a a XVIII s. AxaAeN,Ir4, Hayr( a llerep6ypre.
ZsyueHr.re crpaHbr |J'IaBHa' 3aAaqa poccuftcxofi nayxra. feorpa$rzuecKr4e SKcrreAurIHH.
Bropar Kauqarcxas
sKcrlen14uH'' Oceoeuue Alscrcu a Cenepo-3ana4uoro no6epeNsr
Arr,tepr.rxu. poccnficroaMepl'II(aHcKa' KoMrlaHHr. 14ccle4oaaHua s o6racrH oreqecrseHr-rofi
Hcropr.rH, Vlzyuenvte
poccuficrcofi c,rosecuocrl'i H pa3BIzrI're pyccKoro nHTeparypHoro
fl3brKa. poccuffq.
Pecraepaqaq Mofiasu' Bre4eHze KoHcrlrryuua.
MolepH,3arrr., B 3KoHoMr.rKe , coquaj,rbHbrx
orHo ueHrr.sx. Ilepexo4 K [oJrHTr.r Ke sasoesaHr,rE.
Kurafi' vrmneput I-{r'ru. . Boccrasue
raftnuHoe.  Kurar.
flolurarca (caMoycHneHHt). Boccrasue (Hx3TyaHeft>.
Peeonrcqas 1g1 l-1g13 rr. Cyur.frcen.
OcuaHcras HMrrepr{fl. 'fpa4uquouulre ycrou H
rronbrrxrl [poBeAeHHr peQoprra.
I Ioluruxa Tau:ut'tara' llpuHrrtle
KoHcrt'ITyuu u. M,raAorypeqxar peBo,Trour4,
l90g-1909 rr.
Peeo,'rlouus 1905-l9l l r. a I4pane.

vlulus' Ko'rosua'rruuli pexl{M.

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cHrIaeB (1857-1859)' o6rf,BJIeHVe r4ttI.uu
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